Referencias
1.Thanks to Dr. Beatrix Tappeser, Institute for Applied Ecology, Postfach 6226, D-79038, Freiburg, for
this information. See also Barnett, A. (2000). GM genes ‘jump species barrier’ The Observer, May 28,
2000.
2.See Stephenson, J.R., and Warnes, A. (1996). Release of genetically-modified miroorganisms into the environment. J. Chem. Tech. Biotech. 65, 5-16; Harding, K. (1996). The potential for horizontal gene transfer within the environment. Agro-Food-Industry Hi-Tech July/August, 31-35; Ho, M.W. (1996). Are current transgenic technologies safe? In Virgin, I. and Frederick R.J., eds. Biosafety Capacity Building,
pp. 75-80, Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm; Traavik, T. (1999). Too Early May be Too Late, Report for the Directorate for Nature Research, Trondheim, Norway.
3.See http://www.i-sis.org
4.See Ho, M.W. (1998, 1999). Genetic Engineering Dream or Nightmare? The Brave New World of Bad Science and Big Business. Gateway, Gill & Macmillan, Dublin; Ho, M.W., Traavik, T., Olsvik, R.,
Tappeser, B., Howard, V., von Weizsacker, C. and McGavin, G. (1998). Gene Technology and Gene Ecology of Infectious Diseases. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease 10, 33-59.
5.See Ho et al, 1998 (note 4) and references therein.
6.See Lorenz, M.G. and Wackernagel, W. (1994). Bacterial gene transfer by natural genetic transformation in the environment. Microbiol. Rev. 58, 563-602.
7.See Ho,1998, 1999 (note 4; Ho, et al, 1998 (note 4).
8.See Ho, M.W., Ryan, A., Cummins, J. and Traavik, T. (2000a). Unregulated Hazards: ‘Naked’ and ‘Free’ Nucleic Acids, ISIS & TWN Report, London and Penang. http://www.i-sis.org.
9.Grillot-Courvalin, C., Goussand, S., Huetz, F., Ojcius, D.M. and Courvalin, P. (1998). Functional gene transfer from intracellular bacteria to mammalian cells. Nature Biotechnology 16, 862-866.
10.See Nielsen, K.M., Bones, A.M., Smalla, K. and van Elsas, J.D. (1998). Horizontal gene transfer from transgenic plants to terrestrial bacteria – a rare event? FEMS Microbiology Reviews 22, 79-103.
11.See Ho et al, 2000a (note 9)
12.See Doolittle, W.F. (1999). Lateral genomics. Trends Cell Biol 9, 5-8.
13.See Jain, R., Rivera, M.C. and Lake, J.A. (1999). Horizontal gene transfer among genomes: The complexity hypothesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 3801-3806; Shapiro, J. (1997). Genome organization, natural genetic engineering and adaptive mutation. TIG 13, 98-104; Ho, 1998,1999 (note 4).
14.See Ho et al, 1998 (note 4) for references.
15.See Ho et al, 2000 (note 8)
16.Reviewed in Ho et al, 1998 ( note 4).
17.Reviewed in Ho, 1998, 1999 (note 4) Chapter on “The mutable gene and the human condition”.
18.See Ho et al, 2000 (note 9) and references therein.
19.See Ho, M.W. (1999). Special Safety Concerns of Transgenic Agriculture and Related Issues Briefing
Paper for Minister of State for the Environment, The Rt Hon Michael Meacherhttp://www.i-sis.org
20.See Old, R.W. and Primrose, S.B. (1994). Principles of Gene Manipulation, 5th ed. Blackwell Science, Oxford; Kumpatla, S.P., Chandrasekharan, M.B., Iuer, L.M., Li, G. and Hall, T.c. (1998). Genome intruder scanning and modulation systems and transgene silencing. Trends in Plant Sciences 3, 96-104.
21.See Kohli, A., Griffiths, S., Palacios, N., Twyman, R.M., Vain, P., Laurie, D.A. and Christou, P. (1999).
Molecular characterization of transforming plasmid rearrangements in transgenic rice reveals a recombination hotspot in the CaMV 35S promoter and confirms the predominance of microhomology mediated recombination. The Plant Journal 17, 591-601.
22.Finnegan, J. and McElroy, D. (1994). Transgene inactivation, plants fight back! Bio/Technology 12, 883-8.
23.Ho, M.W., Ryan, A. and Cummins, J. (1999). The cauliflower mosaic viral promoter – a recipe for disaster? Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease 11, 194-197; Ho, M.W., Ryan, A. and Cummins, J.
(2000). Hazards of transgenic plants containing the cauliflower mosaic viral promoter. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease (in press).
24.Ye, X., Al-Babili, S., Kloti, A., Zhang, J., Lucca, P., Beyer, P. and Potrykus, I. (2000). Engineering the provitamin A (-carotene) biosynthetic pathway into (carotenoid-free) rice endosperm. Science 287,
303-305; see also Ho, M.W. (2000). The Golden Rice – An Exercise in How Not to Do Science. ISIS Sustainable Science Audit #1 http://www.i-sis.org
25.Xiong, Y. and Eikbush, T. (1990). Origin and evolution of retroelements based upon the reverse transriptase sequences. The Embo Journal 9, 3363-72.
26.Assad, F.F. and Signer, E.R. (1990). Cauliflower mosaic virus P35S promoter activity in E. coli. Mol. Gen. Genet. 223, 517-20.
27.Ballas,N., Broido, S., Soreq, H., and Loyter, A. (1989). Efficient functioning of plant promoters and poly(A) sites in Xenopus oocytes Nucl Acids Res 17, 7891-903; Burke, C, Yu X.B., Marchitelli, L..,
Davis, E.A., Ackerman, S. (1990). Transcription factor IIA of wheat and human function similarly with
plant and animal viral promoters. Nucleic Acids Res 18, 3611-20.
28.Reviewed in Ho, et al, 2000 (note 24).
29.Maiss, E., Timpe,U., and Brisske-Rode, A. (1992). Infectious in vivo transcripts of a plumpox potyvirus full lenth c-DNA clone containig the cauliflower mosaic virus 35-S RNA promoter J. Gen. Virol. 73,
709-13; Meyer, M and Dessens, J. (1997). 35S promoter driven cDNA of barley mild mosaic virus RNA-1 and RNA-2 are infectious in barley plants. J. Gen. Viol. 78, 147-51.
30.Ndowora, T., Dahal, G., LaFleur, D., Harper, G., Hull, R., Olszerski, N.E. and Lockhart, B. (1999).
El documento original en inglés se puede consultar en:http://online.sfsu.edu/~rone/GEessays/horizgenetransfer.html
La traducción al castellano ha sido tomada de:http://noticiasdeabajo.wordpress.com/2011/02/14/los-riesgos-de-la-ingenieria-genetica/
